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ISPN 复习要点提示 35 新生儿护理
日期：2020-03-24 19:45:52
Tips On How To Review For ISPN Examinations
35
Care of the Newborn
新生儿护理
Cord Care -- 脐带护理The umbilical cord begins drying within hours after birth and is shriveled and blackened by the second or third day. Within 7 to 10 days, it sloughs off and the umbilicus heals. During this transition, frequent assessments of the area are necessary to detect any bleeding or signs of infection. Cord bleeding is abnormal and may occur if the cord clamp is loosened. Any cord drainage is also abnormal and is generally caused by infection, which requires immediate treatment.
Circumcision care -- 包皮环切护理 Circumcision is the surgical removal of all or part of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis. This has been traditionally done for hygiene and medical reasons and is the oldest known religious rite. A policy statement by the AAP indicates that newborn circumcision has potential disadvantages and risks as well as medical benefits and advantages, including infection, hemorrhage, skin dehiscence, adhesions, urethral fistula, and pain. Nursing considerations, precautions, and parental education are important.
Bonding -- 亲子关系 a relationship that usually begins at the time of birth between a parent and offspring and that establishes the basis for an ongoing mutual attachment. Bonding begins soon after birth when parents cradle their newborn and gently stroke him or her with their fingers. It is one of the important tasks for nurses, as well as one of the most pleasurable aspects of newborn care, to encourage and enhance parent–newborn interaction by involving both parents with the baby and demonstrating appropriate nurturing behaviors soon after birth, providing parents with opportunities for “skin-to-skin” contact with the newborn, holding the baby against their own skin when feeding or cradling.
Term – 足月Term refers to the time at which a pregnancy of normal length terminates. Full term refers to the birth between 39 and 40 weeks of gestation. When the baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation, she/he is called a preterm newborn; when the baby is born after 42 weeks of gestation, she/he is called postterm newborn.
Gestational age – 胎龄，孕龄Gestational age is the estimated age or stage of maturity of a fetus based on various physical characteristics that normally appear at each stage of fetal development.
Parenting – 养育Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.
Apgar scoring system -- 阿普加评分系统Apgar scoring system is an assessment tool used to evaluate newborns after birth. It consists of five parameters: A – appearance (color), P – pulse (heart rate), G – grimace (reflex irritability), A – activity (muscle tone), and R – respiratory (respiratory effort). It is used at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after birth.
Review of this topic may be focused on the assessment of newborns and nursing interventions related to the problems of the newborns. They will be discussed in three parts:
(1) assessment of the newborn;
(2) care of the newborn; and
(3) Common problems of the newborn.
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