Tips on How to Review for ISPN Examinations
44
Renal and Urinary Disorders
肾与泌尿系统疾病
The urinary system functions to maintain the proper balance of fluid and electrolytes in the blood. Therefore, when disease occurs, such as with structural abnormalities or kidney malfunction, children may be left with excessive amounts of fluid in the body’s functioning. Also, urinary tract disorders and kidneys are interrelated. That is, urinary disorders can ultimately affect the kidneys and vice versa.
However, because symptoms may be vague and easily neglected by the child or parent, health education to increase the awareness of the symptoms is important.
As usual, our discussion in renal and urinary disorders will be focused on three aspects:
1. Assessment of Renal and Urinary Tract Disfunction in Children
2. Therapeutic Measures for the Management of Renal Diseases
3. Common Disorders Relating to the Urinary System
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