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    《ISPN学习》总第506期
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    《ISPN学习》总第501期
    日期:2019-06-11 16:54:20    
    《ISPN学习》2019年06月24日总第501期
     
     
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    RN-ISPN综合复习课程上线
    《RN-ISPN综合复习讲座》4月15日起陆续上线,每周两讲,预计11月底完成。有需要者请联系ISPN周老师咨询、报名,并感谢各位向有需要的亲朋好友推荐本讲座。详情请登录网站(www.omedin.com)“备考资讯”栏目查询、试听。相关介绍在QQ群“国际护士ISPN”(群号:384099249)及微信公众号ISPN周老师(ISPN-CG)同步发布。谢谢!

     
     
    想提高专业英语听力吗?想边练听力边增加护理专业知识吗?Listening -- Elementary》(专业英语听力 – 初级)可助你一臂之力。
     
     

    ISPN  Review        

    Adverse Effects 不良效应
    All drugs are potentially dangerous. Even though chemicals are carefully screened and tested in animals and in people before they are released as drugs, drug products often cause unexpected or unacceptable reactions when they are administered.
    所有药物都有潜在危险性。即使是化学药物在允许作为药物使用前已经在动物和人身上经过了仔细的检查和试验,使用时,这些药物制品仍经常会引起意外的或不可接受的反应。
    Adverse effects are undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous. They can occur for many reasons, including the following:
    不良效应就是人们不希望出现的效应,是令人不快甚至危险的。出现这些效应的原因很多,包括:
    • The drug may have other effects on the body besides the therapeutic effect.
    除了治疗效应外,药物还可能对人体具有其他效应
    • The patient may be sensitive to the drug being given.
    患者可能对所用药物敏感
    • The drug’s action on the body may cause other responses that are undesirable or unpleasant.
    药物对身体的作用可能引起其他不希望或不舒服的反应
    • The patient may be taking too much or too little of the drug, leading to adverse effects.
    患者服用太多或太少,导致不良效应
    The nurse, as the caregiver who most frequently administers medications, must be constantly alert for signs of drug reactions of various types. Patients and their families need to be taught what to look for when patients are taking drugs at home. Some adverse effects can be countered with specific comfort measures or precautions. Knowing that these effects may occur and what actions can be taken to prevent or cope with them may be the most critical factor in helping the patient to comply with drug therapy. Adverse drug effects can be one of several types: primary actions, secondary actions, and hypersensitivity reactions.
    作为最常使用药物的照护人员,护士必须始终对各种药物反应体征保持清醒。患者在家服药时,必须对其进行教育,告诉他们应注意哪些问题。有些不良效应可能通过特殊的安慰措施或预防加以制止。知道会出现这些效应及可以采取相应的措施加以预防或应对,这是帮助患者服从药物治疗的关键。药物不良效应包括原发作用、继发作用和过敏性反应。
    Primary Actions 原发作用
    Adverse effects from simple overdose is one of the most common occurrences in drug therapy. In such cases, the patient suffers from effects that are merely an extension of the desired effect. For example, an anticoagulant may act so effectively that the patient experiences excessive and spontaneous bleeding. This type of adverse effect can be avoided by monitoring the patient carefully and adjusting the prescribed dose to fit that particular patient’s needs.
    单次用药引起的不良效应是药物治疗最常见的不良效应之一。在这些情况下,患者所承受的只是预期效应的延续,例如,抗凝药起效时,患者可能出现大量的自发性出血。这种不良效应可以通过患者监护和处方剂量调整得以避免,使剂量适合特定患者的需要。
    Secondary Actions 继发作用
    Secondary actions are undesired effects produced in addition to the desired pharmacologic effect. Sometimes the drug dose can be adjusted so that the desired effect is achieved without producing undesired secondary reactions. Sometimes this is not possible, however, and the adverse effects are almost inevitable. In such cases, the patient needs to be informed that these effects may occur and counseled about ways to cope with the undesired effects. For example, many antihistamines are very effective in drying up secretions and helping breathing, but they also cause drowsiness. The patient who is taking antihistamines needs to know that driving a car or operating power tools or machinery should be avoided because the drowsiness could pose a serious problem.
    继发作用是药物预期效应之外的意外效应。有时,药物剂量可能经过调整,使它产生预期效应而不会产生预期外的继发反应;有时就不可能做到这一点。不良效应几乎不可避免。在这种情况下,就必须告诉患者可能出现这些效应,并告诉他如何应对这些预期外的效应。例如,很多抗组胺药对干涸分泌物和帮助呼吸很有效,但也会引起瞌睡。服用抗组胺药的患者就必须知道要避免驾车或操作电动工具或电动机械,因为瞌睡可能造成严重的问题。
    Hypersensitivity 超敏反应
    Hypersensitivity is excessive response to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug. It may result from a pathological or underlying condition. For example, many drugs are excreted through the kidneys; a patient who has kidney problems may not be able to excrete the drug and may accumulate the drug in the body, causing toxic effects. The patient will exhibit exaggerated adverse effects from a standard dose of the medication because of the accumulation of the drug. In some cases, individuals exhibit increased therapeutic and adverse effects with no definite pathological condition.
    超敏反应是对药物原发或继发效应的过度响应。原因可能是病理性,也可能是潜在疾病引起。例如,很多药物经肾排泄;肾有问题的患者可能无法排泄药物,使药物积累于体内,引起毒性作用。由于药物积累,即使使用的是标准剂量,患者也会呈现夸大的不良效应。在这种情况下,患者没有特定的病理状况,也会呈现增强的治疗和不良效应。
    Hypersensitivity also can occur if a patient has an underlying condition that makes the drug’s effects especially unpleasant or dangerous. For example, a patient with an enlarged prostate who takes an anticholinergic drug may develop urinary retention or even bladder paralysis when the drug’s effects block the urinary sphincters. This patient needs to be taught to empty the bladder before taking the drug. A reduced dose also may be required to avoid potentially serious effects on the urinary system.
    患者有潜在问题时,也会出现超敏反应。如,前列腺肥大患者服用抗胆碱能药,药物效应阻断尿道括约肌,患者就可能出现尿潴留,甚至膀胱麻痹。因此,必须教育患者服药前排空膀胱。减少剂量也可以避免泌尿系统潜在严重不良效应的发生。

     
    Vocabulary for Today    

    counter – v. 抵消,反击
    primary actions – 原发作用
    secondary actions – 继发作用
    hypersensitivity – n. 超敏反应
    overdose – n. 过量
    accumulate – v. 积累
    toxic effects – 毒性效应
    paralysis – n. 麻痹
     
     
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    Video            

    Adverse Effects
     

    Test                 

    1. An unexpected effect of the drug is known as a(n):
    A. Side effect
    B. Adverse effect
    C. Toxic reaction
    D. Allergic reaction
    2. When two drugs given together have an effect equal to the sum of their respective effects, the interaction is known as:
    A. Potentiated
    B. Antagonized
    C. Agonist
    D. Additive
     
    (本期答案见页底)
     
    奥医教育“在线自测”正式上线,复习练习、效果检验,奥医NCLEX-RN/ISPN题库一站完成。需要就来www.omedin.com
     
     
    本期ISPN Review答案
    1. B. Adverse effect. An adverse reaction is a harmful and unexpected reaction. A side effect is expected and predictable. C and D are incorrect because a toxic reaction is a type of adverse reaction.
    2. D. Additive. An addictive effect occurs when two drugs are given together and their effects is equal to the sum of their respective effects.
     




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