Children are very sensitive to the effects of most antiviral drugs, and more severe reactions can be expected when these drugs are used in children.
儿童对多数抗病毒药效应都很敏感，儿童使用这些药物时，可能出现较为严重的反应。
Many of these drugs do not have proven safety and efficacy in children, and extreme caution should be used.
很多药物缺乏儿童使用安全性和效果的有效证明，因此，使用时应及其小心。
Most of the drugs for prevention and treatment of influenza virus infections can be used, in smaller doses, for children.
预防和治疗流感病毒感染的多数都可用于儿童，只是剂量要小些。
Acyclovir is the drug of choice for children with herpes virus or cytomegalovirus infections.
阿昔洛韦是治疗疱疹病毒或巨细胞病毒感染的首选药物。
The drugs used in the treatment of AIDS are frequently used in children, even when no scientific data are available, because of the seriousness of the disease. Dose should be lowered according to body weight, and children must be monitored very closely for adverse effects on kidneys, bone marrow, and liver.
Adults need to know that these drugs are specific for the treatment of viral infections. The use of antibiotics to treat such infections can lead to the development of resistant strains and superinfections that can cause more problems.
成人必须知道这些药物专门用于治疗病毒感染。用抗生素治疗这些感染可能导致耐药菌株的出现和二重感染，出现更多问题。
Patients with HIV infection who are taking antiviral medications need to be taught that these drugs do not cure the disease, that opportunistic infections can still occur, and that precautions to prevent transmission of the disease need to be taken.
Pregnant women, for the most part, should not use these drugs unless the benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk to the fetus or neonate. Women of childbearing age should be advised to use barrier contraceptives if they take any of these drugs. Zidovudine has been safely used in pregnant women.
孕妇在大部分情况下不应使用这些药物，除非好处明显超过对胎儿或新生儿的潜在风险。应教育育龄期妇女使用这些药物时使用屏障避孕器。妊娠妇女使用齐多夫定是安全的。
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises that women with HIV infection should not breast-feed, to protect the neonate from the virus.
CDC建议HIV感染妇女不要哺乳，以保护新生儿，避免病毒感染。 OLDER ADULTS 老年人
Older patients may be more susceptible to the adverse effects associated with these drugs; they should be monitored closely.
老年患者对这些药物的易感性可能更强，应密切监测。
Patients with hepatic dysfunction are at increased risk for worsening hepatic problems and toxic effects of those drugs that are metabolized in the liver. Drugs that are excreted unchanged in the urine can be especially toxic to patients who have renal dysfunction. If hepatic or renal dysfunction is expected (extreme age, alcohol abuse, use of other hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic drugs), the dose may need to be lowered and the patient should be monitored more frequently.
Test 1. A student nurse administering acyclovir was asked by the clinical instructor on how the drug works. The student nurse would be correct by stating that this drug works in which way?
A. unknown; but it is believed to be shedding the protein coat of the virus.
B. it competes with viral receptors found in the host cells
C. it takes away the necessary substances needed by viruses to form DNA chains
D. trapping the viruses and disintegrating them directly
2. Which of the following prescribed antiviral should the nurse question for a patient with severe hypokalemia?
A. Foscarnet
B. Cidofovir
C. Valganciclovir
D. Nevirapine
本期ISPN Review答案： 1. C. it takes away the necessary substances needed by viruses to form DNA chains.
Agents for CMV and herpes viruses are known to compete with the substrates needed by viruses for this process leading to formation of shorter and noneffective DNA chains. Option A is the mechanism of action of agents for influenza and respiratory viruses.
2. A. Foscarnet.
It can cause seizures in patients with electrolyte disturbances.
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