Anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic drugs are used to alter an individual’s responses to environmental stimuli. Anxiolytics are so called because they can prevent feelings of tension or fear while sedatives because they can calm patients and make them unaware of their environment and hypnotics because they can cause sleep.
抗焦虑、镇静和催眠药用于改变个体对环境刺激的反应。抗焦虑药之所以被升为抗焦虑药是因为这些药物阻止紧张或害怕情感的发生;镇静药是因其镇静患者使患者不会注意周围环境;催眠药则是因为这些药物可以引起睡眠。
Anxiety 焦虑
Anxiety is a feeling of tension, nervousness, apprehension, or fear that usually involves unpleasant reactions to a stimulus. Anxiety is often accompanied by signs and symptoms of the sympathetic stress reaction, which may include sweating, fast heart rate, rapid breathing, and elevated blood pressure. Mild anxiety, a not uncommon reaction, may serve as a stimulus or motivator in some situations. A person who feels anxious about being alone in a poorly lit parking lot at night may be motivated to take extra safety precautions. When anxiety becomes overwhelming or severe, it can interfere with the activities of daily living and lead to medical problems related to chronic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. A severely anxious person may, for example, be afraid to leave the house or to interact with other people. In these cases, treatment is warranted. Anxiolytic drugs are drugs that are used to lyse or break the feeling of anxiety.
焦虑是一种紧张、神经质、忧虑或害怕的情绪状态,通常与刺激引起的不愉快反应有关。焦虑常常伴有交感神经系统应激反应的症状体征,包括出汗、心律快、呼吸急促和血压升高。轻度焦虑也不少见,可以成为某些情况的刺激因素或激励因素。因为孤独感到焦虑的人在夜间照明不良的停车场时就会受到激励而采取额外的安全预防措施。焦虑压倒一切或极为严重时就会影响到日常生活,导致与交感神经系统慢性刺激相关的健康问题,如,焦虑症严重的人害怕离开住宅或与他从互动。在这些病例中,治疗是必要的。抗焦虑药物就是用来减轻或打破焦虑情绪的药物。
Sedation镇静
The loss of awareness and reaction to environmental stimuli is termed sedation. This condition may be desirable in patients who are restless, nervous, irritable, or overreacting to stimuli. Although sedation is anxiolytic, it may frequently lead to drowsiness. For example, sedative-induced drowsiness is a concern for outpatients who need to be alert and responsive in their normal lives. The choice of an anxiolytic drug depends on the situation in which it will be used, keeping the related adverse effects in mind.
对环境刺激无意识、无反应,这就是镇静。有些患者,如烦乱不安、神经紧张、易怒或对刺激反应过度的患者,就需要镇静。虽然镇静是抗焦虑性的,但它也常常导致睡意。这对需要在正常生活中保持清醒和及时作出反应的门诊病人来说,却是一个令人担心的问题。抗焦虑药的选择取决于拟使用对象情况,同时要对相关不良效应心中有数。
Hypnosis 催眠
Extreme sedation results in further central nervous system (CNS) depression and sleep, or hypnosis. Hypnotics are used to help people fall asleep by causing sedation. Drugs that are effective hypnotics act on the reticular activating system (RAS) and block the brain’s response to incoming stimuli. Hypnosis, therefore, is the extreme state of sedation, in which the person no longer senses or reacts to incoming stimuli.
极度镇静导致进一步的中枢神经系统(CNS)抑制和睡眠,或称为催眠。催眠药引起镇静帮助人们入睡。有效的催眠药作用于网状活化系统(RAS),阻断大脑对刺激的反应。因此,催眠是镇静的极端状况,患者对新的刺激不再有感觉或反应。
★Vocabulary for Today ★
anxiety – n. 焦虑
sedation – n. 镇静
hypnosis – n. 催眠
anxiolytic – n. 抗焦虑药
sedative – n. 镇静药
hypnotic – n. 催眠药
tension – n. 紧张
nervousness – n. 神经质
apprehension – n. 忧虑
stress reaction – 应激反应
motivator – n. 激励手段,激励因素
overwhelming – a. 压倒一切的
overreacting – a. 反应过度的
drowsiness – n. 睡意,瞌睡
RAS -- reticular activating system 网状激活系统
incoming – a. 新来的,接着来的
1. When administering antianxiety medications to an elderly client, which of the following actions by the nurse is essential?
A. Monitor Vital signs.
B. Suggest reduced doses.
C. Taper dose before stopping.
D. Implement a fall prevention protocol.
2. When monitoring a client who is taking benzodiazepines, the nurse should be alert for which CNS side effects?
A. Blurred vision, anorexia, dysarthria
B. Seizures, tremors, diaphoresis
C. Ataxia, sedation, dizziness
D. Libido changes, edema, dystonia
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答案 Key to Questions
1. D. Implement a fall prevention protocol.
Increased sedation, dizziness, and hypotension are side effects that place the elderly at high risk for falls. All clients need to have vital signs monitored periodically when taking these medications. Geriatric clients may require reduced doses, but the risk for falls is still present. Dose tapering is not related to age.
2. C. Ataxia, sedation, dizziness.
These are common side effects. Anorexia is a GI effect. Choice B are the result of acute withdrawal. Libido and edema are not CNS-related side effects.