estradiol – n. 雌二醇
palliation – n. 缓和，减轻
vasomotor – a. n. 司血管收缩的(药)
menopause – n. 更年期，绝经
postmenopausal – a. 绝经后的
hypogonadism – n. 性腺机能减退症
castration – n. 去势，阉割
ovarian failure – 卵巢功能衰竭
chloasma – n. 黄褐斑
norethindrone acetate -- 醋炔诺酮
endometriosis – n. 子宫内膜异位症
raloxifene – n. 雷洛昔芬
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Prototype Summary: Estradiol 原型药小结：雌二醇 Indications: Palliation of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause; prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis; treatment of female hypogonadism, female castration, female ovarian failure; palliation of inoperable and progressing breast cancer and inoperable prostatic cancer. 适应症：减轻与绝经相关的中至重度血管收缩症状；预防绝经后骨持疏松症；治疗女性性腺机能减退症、雌性去势、女性卵巢功能衰竭；缓解不能手术、进行性乳腺癌，缓解不能手术的前列腺癌。 Actions: The most potent endogenous female sex hormone, responsible for estrogen effects on the body. 作用：最强效内源性女性性激素，负责身体雌激素效应 Pharmacokinetics: 药动学 Route Onset Peak Duration
途径 起效 达峰 持续时间
PO Slow Days Unknown
PO 慢 数天 未知
Topical preparations are not generally absorbed systemically.
局部使用一般不会产生系统吸收 T1/2: Not known; metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. 半衰期：未知；经肝代谢，随尿排出 Adverse Effects: Corneal changes, photosensitivity, peripheral edema, chloasma, hepatic adenoma, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating, breakthrough bleeding, change in menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual-like syndrome. 不良效应：角膜变化，光过敏，外周性水肿，黄褐斑，肝腺瘤，恶心，呕吐，腹部痉挛，气胀，突破性出血，月经变化，痛经，经前样综合症
Prototype Summary: Norethindrone Acetate 原型药小结：醋炔诺酮 Indications: Treatment of amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance; treatment of endometriosis; component of some hormonal contraceptives. 适应症：治疗闭经、激素失调引起的异常子宫出血；治疗子宫内膜异位症；某些激素避孕药的成份。 Actions: Progesterone derivative that transforms the proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium; inhibits the secretion of pituitary FSH and LH, which prevents ovulation; inhibits uterine contractions. 作用：黄体酮衍生物，使增殖性子宫内膜转化为分泌性子宫内膜；抑制垂体FSH和LH分泌，从而防止排卵；抑制子宫收缩 Pharmacokinetics: 药动学 Route Onset Peak Duration
途径 起效 达峰 持续时间
PO Varies Unknown Unknown
PO 不定 未知 未知 T1/2: Unknown; metabolized in the liver and excreted in the feces and urine. 半衰期：未知；代谢于肝，随粪、尿排出。 Adverse Effects: Venous thromboembolism, loss of vision, diplopia, migraine headache, rash, acne, chloasma, alopecia, breakthrough bleeding, spotting, amenorrhea, fluid retention, edema, increase in weight. 不良效应：静脉血栓栓塞，视力丧失，复视，偏头痛，皮疹，痤疮，黄褐斑，脱发，突破性出血，点滴出血，闭经，液体潴留，水肿，体重增加。
Prototype Summary: Raloxifene 原型药小结：雷洛昔芬 Indications: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 适应症：绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的预防和治疗。 Actions: Increases bone mineral density without stimulating the endometrium; modulates effects of endogenous estrogen at specific receptor sites. 作用：增强骨矿物质密度，刺激子宫内膜；调节特殊受体部位内源性雌激素效应 Pharmacokinetics: 药动学
Route Onset Peak Duration
途径 起效 达峰 持续时间
PO Varies 4-7 h 24 h
PO 不定 4-7 h 24 h T1/2: 27.7 hours; metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. 半衰期：27.7 h；代谢于肝，随尿排出。 Adverse Effects: Venous thromboembolism, hot flashes, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, vaginal bleeding, depression, light-headedness. 不良效应：静脉血栓形成、热潮红、皮疹、恶心、呕吐、阴道出血、抑郁、轻度头痛
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Raloxifene
★Tests ★
1.Estrogenis given in the management of all of the following conditions except:
A. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
B. Primary hypogonadism
C. Suppression of ovulation
D. Endometrial carcinoma
2. A constant dose ofestrogenwith varying doses of progestin are found in:
A. Monophasic pills
B. Depo-Provera
C. Triphasic pills
D. Biphasic pills
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答案 Answer 1.D. Endometrial carcinoma Rationale: Estrogen is given in the management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, primary hypogonadism, and suppression of ovulation. Choices A, B, and C are all indicators for estrogen treatment. 2. D. Biphasic pills Rationale: Choice A is incorrect because monophasic pills have a constant dose of estrogen and progestin throughout the month. Choice B is incorrect because Depo-Provera is a progestin product only. Choice C is incorrect because triphasic pills may have variations in estrogen as well as progestin levels.
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