contraceptive – n. a. 避孕的，避孕药（用具）
birth-control – n. 节育，生育控制
ovulation – n. 排卵
egg – n. 卵子
sperm – n. 精子
secondary sex characteristics – 第二性征
conception – n. 受孕
hypogonadism – n. 性腺功能减退
amenorrhea – n. 闭经
fertility – n. 生育力
endometrium – n. 子宫内膜
overstimulation – n. 过刺激
multiple births – 多胞胎
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Key Points: Drugs Affecting Female Productive System 要点：影响女性生殖系统的药物
Oral contraceptives (birth-control pills) are used to prevent pregnancy. Estrogen and progestin are two female sex hormones. Combinations of estrogen and progestin work by preventing ovulation (the release of eggs from the ovaries). They also change the lining of the uterus to prevent pregnancy from developing and change the mucus at the cervix to prevent sperm from entering. Oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Estrogens are hormones associated with the development of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; pharmacologically, estrogens are used to prevent conception, to stimulate ovulation in women with hypogonadism, and to a lesser extent to replace hormones after menopause.
Progestins maintain pregnancy and are also involved with development of secondary sex characteristics. Progestins are used as part of combination contraceptives, to treat amenorrhea and functional uterine bleeding, and as part of fertility programs.
Estrogen receptor modulators are used to stimulate specific estrogen receptors to achieve therapeutic effects of increased bone mass without stimulating the endometrium and causing other, less desirable estrogen effects.
In women with functioning ovaries, fertility drugs increase follicle development by stimulating FSH and LH to increase the chances for pregnancy.
对于有功能性卵巢的妇女，生育药通过刺激FSH和LH增强卵泡发育，增加受孕机会
Women receiving fertility drugs need to be monitored for ovarian overstimulation, need to be aware of the possibility of multiple births, and need support and encouragement to deal with the self-esteem issues associated with infertility.
1. A constant dose ofestrogenwith varying doses of progestin are found in:
A. monophasic pills
B. Depo-Provera
C. triphasic pills
D. biphasic pills
2. A relative contraindication to therapy withandrogensis:
A. Hepatic failure
B. Pregnancy
C. Prostate cancer
D. Hypogonadism
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答案Answer 1. D. biphasic pills Rationale: Choice A is incorrect because monophasic pills have a constant dose of estrogen and progestin throughout the month. Choice B is incorrect because Depo-Provera is a progestin product only. Choice C is incorrect because triphasic pills may have variations in estrogen as well as progestin levels. 2. A. Hepatic failure Rationale: Hepatic failure is considered a relative contraindication because antiandrogens have been known to cause hepatic toxicity. Choice B is incorrect because pregnancy is considered an absolute contraindication. Prostate cancer is an indication for antiandrogen administration. Hypogonadism would not be considered a contraindication, but it most certainly is not an indication for therapy.
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