May I be strenuous, energetic, and persevering. 愿我奋发向上、勤奋不懈、不屈不挠
★ISPN Review ★
Body Defenses: Mucous Membranes and Gastric Acid
机体防御：粘膜和胃酸
Mucous membranes line the areas of the body that are exposed to external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection. These body areas include the respiratory tract, which is exposed to air; the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is exposed to anything ingested by mouth; and the genitourinary (GU) tract, which is exposed to many pathogens from the perineal and rectal area. Like the skin, the mucous membrane acts as a physical barrier to invasion. It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.
In the conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is lined with tiny, hair-like processes called cilia. The cilia sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth, where they will be swallowed. The cilia also can move the captured material to an area causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing.
In the GI tract, the mucous membrane serves as a protective coating, preventing erosion of GI cells by the acidic environment of the stomach, the digestive enzymes of the small intestine, and the waste products that accumulate in the large intestine. The mucous membrane also secretes mucus that serves as a lubricant throughout the GI tract to facilitate movement of the food bolus and of waste products. The mucous membrane acts as a thick barrier to prevent foreign pathogens from penetrating the GI tract and entering the body.
In the GU tract, the mucous membrane provides direct protection against injury and trauma and traps any pathogens in the area for destruction by the body.
GU道粘膜对损伤和创伤提供直接的保护，捕获该区域任何病原体，让身体消灭。
Gastric Acid 胃酸
The stomach secretes acid in response to many stimuli. The acidity of the stomach not only aids digestion, but also destroys many would-be pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the respiratory tract.
Once nursing students finish their clinical rotations and courses and graduate from nursing school, one final hurdle looms between them and their first nursing job: the National Council Licensure Examination, commonly known as the NCLEX. With the right NCLEX study plan and test-taking strategies, you can go into the exam with the confidence that you’re ready to become a registered nurse. 1. Give yourself enough time to study
There isn’t a one-size-fits-all best time to take the NCLEX. Every nurse will have a different NCLEX success story. It’s a matter of finding the time that’s best for you. If your nursing program included a strong NCLEX review course, you might schedule your test just as you graduate. If yours didn’t, you might choose to take some extra weeks or months to study and review.
Considering those costs, you should give yourself plenty of time to study to ensure you’re ready to pass the first time you take it.
Your NCLEX study plan shouldn’t be unpleasant or rushed, but everything about it should be challenging, including the timeline. Give yourself the study hours you need.
We highly recommend allocating a specific amount of time each day and itemize the topics you need to cover during each session. Every student studies differently, but many nursing forums contain posts by past exam-takers with schedules that worked for them. 2. Implement your NCLEX study plan
One of the best ways to ensure that you ace the NCLEX is to take a few practice tests in preparation. The Internet has plenty of reputable resources when it comes to study guides and example NCLEX test questions. Once you have a nice collection of resources both online and in print, consider crafting a routine for your study days with a good balance of practice tests, reading materials, and enough downtime between to give you the brainpower you need to absorb the most possible information. Some test candidates like to study in intense, short bursts while others prefer to make studying an interwoven part of their everyday routines.
Whatever your NCLEX study plan may be, it can be wise to buddy up with a friend from your cohort who’s also preparing to take the exam. Although preparation is hard work, it can be rewarding — and even fun — to study with someone else. Even though you can’t take the test together, you’ll memorize more with two heads instead of one, and your individual strengths can help each other’s weaknesses.
Think of fun ways to study with a friend or group, like taking breaks to grab ice cream or planning to watch a favorite movie together after your study session. Building these sorts of rewards into your exam planning reinforces positive associations with the test material and keeps stress levels lower — which in turn means that information retention will go up. 3. Consider an NCLEX prep course
Some graduates might need a little extra oomph when they begin studying apart from their nursing instructors. The structured delivery of an NCLEX prep course can be helpful to those who struggle setting aside time to study between other activities. If you’re someone who learns better in a structured environment, there are many options for prep courses both online and in classrooms. NCLEX prep courses do cost a significant amount of money, yet for many students, the price is worth it for the assurance that a structured learning environment can bring.
Prep courses also serve as a fantastic option for the students who didn’t take or schedule the test immediately after graduation. If you are newly graduated from your nursing program, much of the material covered in the NCLEX may still be fresh in your brain. However, a prep course will help you bring the knowledge to the forefront of your mind if it’s been awhile since graduation. With a structured prep course, you can save yourself the time you would have spent sorting out study materials and old notes. Prep courses aren’t for everyone, but they can benefit a lot of nursing students.
★Test ★
1. A nurse is giving instructions to a client taking Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for the treatment of gonorrhea. The nurse tells the client to?
A. Report any history of tendon problems.
B. Resume daily exercise such as biking.
C. Take an antacid 30 minutes prior.
D. Take it with a yogurt as part of the treatment.
2. Tetracycline has been prescribed for a client with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Select the side effect of the medication. Select all that apply?
A. Glossitis.
B. Tremors.
C. Urinary frequency.
D. Discoloration of the nails.
E. Photosensitivity.
答案 Key to Questions
1. Answer: A. Report any history of tendon problems.
Ciprofloxacin may cause swelling or tearing of a tendon (the fiber that connects bones to muscles in the body), especially in the Achilles’ tendon of the heel. This can happen during treatment or up to several months after the client stop taking ciprofloxacin 2. Answer: A, D, E.
Side effects of tetracycline include glossitis, discoloration of the nails, photosensitivity, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bulky loose stools, stomatitis, sore throat, black hairy tongue, dysphagia, and hoarseness.
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