Partial Seizures 部分性癫痫发作
Partial seizures, or focal seizures, are so called because they involve one area of the brain, usually originate from one site or focus, and do not spread throughout the entire organ. The presenting symptoms depend on exactly where in the brain the excessive electrical discharge is occurring. Partial seizures can be further classified as follows:
部分性癫痫发作，或称病灶性癫痫发作，其命名缘于其涉及大脑一个部位，通常源于一个部位或病灶，不会扩散到整个器官。表现症状视大量放电出现的确切大脑部位而定。部分性癫痫发作可进一步分为下列类型：
• Simple partial seizures, which occur in a single area of the brain and may involve a single muscle movement or sensory alteration
单纯性部分性癫痫发作，发生于大脑的单一部位，可能涉及单一的肌肉运动或感官改变。
• Complex partial seizures, which involve a series of reactions or emotional changes and complex sensory changes such as hallucinations, mental distortion, changes in personality, loss of consciousness, and loss of social inhibitions. Motor changes may include involuntary urination, chewing motions, diarrhea, and so on. The onset of complex partial seizures usually occurs by the late teens.
复杂性部分性癫痫发作，涉及系统反应或情感变化和复杂性感官变化，如幻觉、心理扭曲、人格变化、意识丧失和社交抑制丧失。运动变化可能包括尿失禁、咀嚼运动、腹泻、等等。复杂性部分性癫痫发作通常发生于十八、九岁。 要点
• Epilepsy is characterized by seizures that result from sudden discharge of excessive electrical energy from nerve cells in the brain.
• There are two major categories of seizures: Generalized and partial seizures.
• Generalized seizures include the following types: Tonic–clonic, absence, myoclonic, febrile, Jacksonian, psychomotor, and rapid recurring (status epilepticus).
• Partial seizures may be simple or complex.
癫痫的特征是大脑神经细胞突然性大量释放电能引起的癫痫发作
可以分为两大类：全身性和部分性癫痫发作
全身性癫痫发作包括下列类型：强直-阵挛性、失神性、肌阵挛性、发热性、杰克逊、精神运动性和快速再发性（癫痫持续状态）
部分性癫痫发作可以分为单纯性和复杂性。
1. The nurse is giving instructions to a client receiving Phenytoin (Dilantin). The nurse concludes that the client has a sufficient knowledge if the client states that:
A. “Wearing a medical alert tag is not required”.
B. “Alcohol is permitted in while taking this medication”.
C. “I can take the medicine with milk”.
D. “Have the serum phenytoin level taken before giving the medication”. 2. A female client who has a history of seizure went to a health care facility to ask the nurse regarding the use of birth control pills while on phenytoin therapy. The nurse correctly states to the client that:
A. Taking phenytoin decreases the effectivity of the birth control pills.
B. Pregnancy is not allowed while taking phenytoin.
C. There is no known interaction between these medicines so there is nothing to worry about.
D. To discontinue phenytoin and proceed with the oral contraceptive.
1. Answer: D. “Have the serum phenytoin level taken before giving the medication”. Rationale: Taking the prescribed daily dosage to keep the blood level of the drug constant and having a sample drawn for serum drug level before taking the morning dose. Option A, wearing a medical tag allows any medical care provider to know that the client is on seizure medication. Option B, alcohol use can increase the blood levels of phenytoin and may increase side effects. Option C, taking it with milk will impair the absorption.
2. Answer: A. Taking phenytoin decreases the effectivity of the birth control pills. Rationale: Clients taking oral contraceptive are known to suffer contraceptive failure while taking anticonvulsants such as phenobarbitone, phenytoin, and carbamazepine because they decrease the effectiveness of the birth control pills.
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