Generalized Seizures 全身性癫痫发作
Generalized seizures begin in one area of the brain and rapidly spread throughout both hemispheres of the brain. Patients who have a generalized seizure usually experience a loss of consciousness resulting from this massive electrical activity throughout the brain.
全身性癫痫发作始于大脑某一部位，迅速扩散至大脑两个半球。患全身性癫痫发作的病人通常经有意识丧失，这是由大脑大量的电活动性引起的。
Generalized seizures are further classified into the following five types:
全身性癫痫发作可进一步分为下列类型：
1. Tonic–clonic seizures involve dramatic tonic–clonic muscle contractions (involuntary muscle contraction followed by relaxation appearing as an aggressive spasm), loss of consciousness, and a recovery period characterized by confusion and exhaustion.
强直-阵挛性癫痫发作，涉及戏剧性强直-阵挛性肌肉收缩（不随意性肌肉收缩，紧接着肌肉放松，就象是攻击性痉挛）、失去意识及以意识错乱和筋疲力尽为特点的意识恢复期。
2. Absence seizures involve abrupt, brief (3- to 5-second) periods of loss of consciousness. Absence seizures occur commonly in children, starting at about 3 years of age, and frequently disappear by puberty. Absence seizures do not usually involve muscle contractions.
失神性癫痫发作，涉及突然、简短（3 – 5秒）的意识丧失期。失神性癫痫发作通常见于儿童，3岁左右发病，经常在青春期消失。失神性癫痫发作一般不涉及肌肉收缩。
3. Myoclonic seizures involve short, sporadic periods of muscle contractions that last for several minutes. They are relatively rare and are often secondary seizures.
肌阵挛性癫痫发作，涉及短、散在性肌肉收缩期，持续数分钟。此类癫痫发作相对罕见，常常为继发性癫痫发作。
4. Febrile seizures are related to very high fevers and usually involve tonic–clonic seizures. Febrile seizures most frequently occur in children; they are usually self-limited and do not reappear.
发热性癫痫发作，与甚高热相关，通常涉及强直-阵挛性癫痫发作。发热性癫痫发作最常见于儿童。此类癫痫发作一般为自限性，不会再发。
5. Jacksonian seizures are seizures that begin in one area of the brain and involve one part of the body, and then progressively spread to other parts of the body; they can develop into generalized tonic–clonic seizures.
杰克逊癫痫发作，该癫痫发作即于大脑某一部位，涉及半个身体，然后进展性扩展到身体其他部位。此类癫痫发作可发展为全身性强直-阵挛性癫痫发作。
6. Psychomotor seizures are complex seizures that involve sensory, motor, and psychic components. They usually begin with a loss of consciousness, and patients have no memory of the event. Patients may exhibit automatic movements, emotional outbursts, and motor or psychological disturbances.
精神运动性癫痫发作，为复杂性癫痫发作，涉及感觉、运动和神经组织。开始时通常为意识丧失，患者没有事件记忆。患者可出现自动运动、情感暴发和运动或精神障碍。
7. Status epilepticus, potentially the most dangerous of seizure conditions, is a state in which seizures rapidly recur again and again with no recovery between seizures.
癫痫持续状态，有可能是最危险的癫痫发作疾病，在此状态下，癫痫快速地一发再发，癫痫发作之间没有恢复期。
★Vocabulary for Today ★
generalized seizures – 全身性癫痫发作
hemisphere – n. 半球
electrical activity – 电活动
tonic–clonic seizures – 强直-阵挛性癫痫发作
involuntary – a. 不随意的
spasm – n. 痉挛
absence seizures -- 失神性癫痫发作
abrupt – a. 突然的
myoclonic seizures – 肌阵挛性癫痫发作
sporadic – a. 散发的，偶发的
febrile seizures – 发热性癫痫发作
Jacksonian seizures – 杰克逊癫痫发作
psychomotor seizures – 精神运动性癫痫发作
complex seizures – 复杂性癫痫发作，复合型癫痫
psychic – a. 精神的，心灵的
automatic movements – 自动（运动）
emotional outbursts – 情感暴发
status epilepticus – 癫痫持续状态
recur – v. 再发
1. A male client is having tonic-clonic seizures. What should the nurse do first?
A. Elevate the head of the bed.
B. Restrain the client’s arms and legs.
C. Place a tongue blade in the client’s mouth.
D. Take measures to prevent injury. 2. The nurse is caring for the male client who begins to experience seizure activity while in bed. Which of the following actions by the nurse would be contraindicated?
A. Loosening restrictive clothing
B. Restraining the client’s limbs
C. Removing the pillow and raising padded side rails
D. Positioning the client to side, if possible, with the head flexed forward
1. Answer: D. Take measures to prevent injury. Rationale: Protecting the client from injury is the immediate priority during a seizure. Option A, elevating the head of the bed would have no effect on the client’s condition or safety. Option B, restraining the client’s arms and legs could cause injury. Option C, placing a tongue blade or other object in the client’s mouth could damage the teeth. 2. Answer: B. Restraining the client’s limbs Rationale: The limbs are never restrained because the strong muscle contractions could cause the client harm. If the client is not in bed when seizure activity begins, the nurse lowers the client to the floor, if possible, protects the head from injury, and moves furniture that may injure the client. Other aspects of care are as described for the client who is in bed.
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