Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
帕金森氏病和帕金森综合征
In the 1990s, several prominent figures—former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali, former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, and actor Michael J. Fox—revealed that they had Parkinson’s disease, a progressive, chronic neurological disorder. In general, Parkinson’s disease may develop in people of any age, but it usually affects those who are past middle age and entering their 60s or even later years. Therefore, the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease in these well-known individuals who were relatively young at the time of diagnosis is that much more interesting. The cause of the condition is not known.
20世纪90年代，几位名人 – 前重量级拳击冠军阿里、前美国总检察长里诺和演员J. 福克斯 – 披露得了帕金森氏病，这是一种进行性、慢性神经系统疾病。一般说来，帕金森氏病可发生于任何年龄人群，但通常都影响过了中年、进入60岁及以后年龄的人。因此，当帕金森氏病发生在这些众所周知、诊断时相对年轻的人身上时，就显得很有意思了。疾病原因未知。
At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease. Therapy is aimed at management of signs and symptoms to provide optimal functioning for as long as possible.
目前，帕金森氏病并无治愈疗法。治疗旨在管理症状体征，尽可能长地保持患者的最佳功能状态。
Lack of coordination is characteristic of Parkinson’s disease. Rhythmic tremors develop, insidiously at first. In some muscle groups, these tremors lead to rigidity, and in others, weakness. Affected patients may have trouble maintaining position or posture, and they may develop the condition known as bradykinesia, marked by difficulties in performing intentional movements and extreme slowness or sluggishness.
帕金森氏病的特点是协调缺失。节律性震颤，开始时是隐袭的。对有些肌肉群来说，这些震颤可导致强直，另外一些肌肉群则表现为无力。受累患者保持体位或姿势都有困难，可能出现被称为运动迟缓的情况，明显表现为意向性活动困难、极端缓慢或呆滞。
As Parkinson’s disease progresses, walking becomes a problem; a shuffling gait is a hallmark of the condition. In addition, patients may drool, and their speech may be slow and slurred. As the cranial nerves are affected, they may develop a mask-like expression. Parkinson’s disease does not affect the higher levels of the cerebral cortex, so a very alert and intelligent person may be trapped in a progressively degenerating body.
随着帕金森氏病的进展，步行成为问题，曳行步态成为该病的标志。此外，患者流口水，言语缓慢、含糊不清。当累及脑神经时，患者就呈现面具样表情。帕金森氏病不影响较高层次的大脑皮质，结果，一个非常机警、才智的人偏偏陷入一具进行性退化的躯体里。 Parkinsonism is a term used to describe the Parkinson’s disease–like extrapyramidal symptoms that are adverse effects associated with particular drugs or brain injuries. Patients typically exhibit tremors and bradykinesia.
帕金森综合征用于描述帕金森氏病样锥体外系症状，这是与某些特殊药物或大脑损伤相关的不良效应。患者的典型表现是震颤和运动迟缓。
★Vocabulary ★
Parkinson’s disease -- 帕金森氏病
Parkinsonism – n. 帕金森综合征
prominent – a. 杰出的，显著的
figure – n. 数字，人物，人像
Attorney General – 总检察长
coordination – n. 协调
insidious – a. 隐袭的，阴险的
rigidity – n. 僵硬，强直
bradykinesia – n. 运动迟缓
sluggishness – n. 呆滞
shuffling gait –曳行步态
hallmark – n. 标志
drool – vi. 流口水
slurred – a. 急促不清的
mask-like – a. 面具样的
degenerating – a. 退化的，堕落的
extrapyramidal symptoms – 锥体外系症状
1. The nurse evaluates that carbidopa and levodopa (Sinemet) is therapeutically effective if the client has:
A. Decreased GI responses
B. Increased tolerance to pyridoxine
C. Decreased tremors at rest
D. Increased urinary output
2. For which of the following medical conditions would the nurse anticipate that an antianxiety agent would not be indicated?
A. Seizure disorders
B. Alcohol detoxification
C. Parkinson’s disease
D. Panic disorder
奥医教育“在线自测”正式上线，复习练习、效果检验，奥医NCLEX-RN/ISPN题库一站完成。
答案Answers 1. C. Decreased tremors at rest. Rationale: Carbidopa and levodopa help restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine, thereby controlling the responses of Parkinson’s disease. 2. C. Parkinson’s disease. Rationale: Benzodiazepines may exacerbate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
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