glucose – n. 葡萄糖，右旋糖
store – v. 存储，贮藏
stress – n. 应激，压力
blood glucose – 血糖
constant – a. 不变的，一定的
intricate – a. 错综的，复杂的
conservation – n. 守恒，保藏
consumption – n. 消费，消耗
homeostasis – n. 自我平衡，内稳态
insulin – n. 胰岛素
pancreatic – a. 胰腺的
islets of Langerhans –胰岛
incretin – n. 肠降血糖素
peptide – n. 肽
glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) – 类高血糖素多肽-1
glucagon – n. 胰高血糖素
satiety center – 饱中枢
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) -- 二肽基肽酶-4酶
glycogen – n. 肝糖，糖原
adipose – n. 动物脂肪
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Glucose Regulation -- Insulin 葡萄糖调节 – 胰岛素
Glucose is the leading energy source for the human body. Glucose is stored in the body for rapid release in times of stress. As a result, blood glucose levels can be readily maintained so that the neurons always receive a constant supply of glucose to function. The body’s control of glucose is intricately related to fat and protein metabolism, balancing energy conservation with energy consumption to maintain homeostasis in a variety of situations. Many factors have an impact on this balance and the body’s ability to adapt and to maintain metabolism.
Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise. It is also released in response to incretins, peptides that are produced in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in response to food. One of these incretins, glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release (in preparation for the nutrients that will soon be absorbed). GLP-1 also slows GI emptying to allow more absorption of nutrients and stimulates the satiety center in the brain to decrease the desire to eat because food is already in the GI tract. GLP-1 has a very short half-life and is metabolized by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4).
Insulin circulates through the body and reacts with specific insulin receptor sites to stimulate the transport of glucose into the cells to be used for energy, a process called facilitated diffusion. Insulin also stimulates the synthesis of glycogen (glucose stored for immediate release during times of stress or low glucose), the conversion of lipids into fat stored in the form of adipose tissue, and the synthesis of needed proteins from amino acids.
胰岛素循环于体内，与特定的胰岛素受体部位产生反应，刺激葡萄糖转运进入细胞，最后化作能量，这一过程被称为易化扩散。胰岛素还刺激糖原（存储的葡萄糖，在应激或葡萄糖水平低时可立即释放）合成，将脂类转化为脂肪并以脂肪组织形式得以储存，并刺激氨基酸合成必需蛋白质。
Insulin is released after a meal, in response to incretin release and when the blood glucose levels rise. It circulates and affects metabolism, allowing the body to either store or use the nutrients from the meal effectively. As a result of the insulin release, blood glucose levels fall and insulin release drops off. Sometimes, an insufficient amount of insulin is released. This may occur because the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, the insulin receptor sites have lost their sensitivity to insulin and they require more insulin to lower glucose effectively, or the person does not have enough receptor sites to support his or her body size, as in obesity.
1. The risk factors for type 1 diabetes include all of the following except:
A. Diet
B. Genetic
C. Autoimmune
D. Environmental
2. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately what percentage of all cases of diabetes in adults?
A. 55%-60%
B. 35%-40%
C. 90-95%
D. 25-30%
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答案Answers 1. A. Diet Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is a primary failure of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin. It primarily affects children and young adults and is unrelated to diet. 2. C. 90 – 95% Rationale: Type 2 diabetes accounts for the overwhelming majority of cases diagnosed in adults. It develops gradually, beginning with insulin resistance and as the requirement for insulin increases, the pancreas becomes progressively less able to produce it.
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