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ISPN 复习要点提示 31 产前期
日期：2020-03-20 20:28:26
Tips On How To Review For ISPN Examinations
31
Prenatal Care
产前期
Prenatal period – 产前期Prenatal period refers to the time in pregnancy between conception and birth. It lasts for 40 weeks, roughly nine months. It is divided into three trimesters (the first, second, and third trimester), with each trimester lasting approximately three months. During this time, the embryo develops into a fetus and then into a viable human baby.
Gestation -- 怀孕 Gestation refers to the time from fertilization of the ovum until the estimated date of delivery. 从卵子受精到预期分娩日期的时间, usually about 280 days. 280天左右。
Expected date of delivery -- (EDD)预产期 An estimate of the date on which a baby will be born. This is an arbitrary calculation based on a statistical average gestation period of 266 days, counted as 280 days from the date of the last menstrual period.
Nagele’s rule -- 内格勒氏表The tool used for estimating the date of delivery, also known as date of birth. 使用内格勒氏表计算预产期，又称出生日期 Use of Nagele’s rule requires that the woman have a regular 28-day menstrual cycle.使用内格勒氏规律的条件是妇女有规则的28天月经周期. The formula is: the first day of last menstrual period – (subtracts) 3 months, add 7 days, then add 1 year if appropriate. The result is the estimated date of delivery. For example:
| Nagele's Rule for Estimating the Date of Delivery 用内格勒氏表估算预产期 |
First day of last menstrual period 末次月经第1天
Subtract 3 months 减去3个月
Add 7 days 加7天
Add 1 year 加1年
Estimated date of delivery 预产日期 |
September 12, 2018
June 12, 2018
June 19, 2018
June 19, 2019
June 19, 2019 |
Gravidity -- 孕次the number of pregnancies
Gravida -- 孕妇a pregnant woman孕妇指怀孕的妇女, including nulligravida (未孕妇a woman who has never been pregnant), primigravida (初孕妇a woman who is pregnant for the first time), multigravida (经孕妇a woman in at least her second pregnancy)
Parity -- 产次the number of births (not the number of fetuses, e.g., twins) carried past 20 weeks of gestation, whether or not the fetus was born alive妊娠28孕周的分娩数量(非胎儿数，如双胞胎), including nullipara (未产妇a woman who has not had a birth at more than 20 weeks of gestation), primipara (初产妇a woman who has had one birth that occurred after the twentieth week of gestation), multipara (经产妇a woman who has had two or more pregnancies to the stage of fetal viability)
GTPAL -- 生育史an acronym used to described a female’s pregnancy outcomes:
G = Gravidity (G, 孕次), T = Term births (T, 足月分娩次数), P = Preterm births (P, 早产次数), A = Abortions or miscarriages (流产或小产次数), L = Current living children (当前存活小孩数)
Example: GTPAL = 4, 1, 1, 1, 2 expressed as G4 T1 P1 A1 L2
During the prenatal period, many changes occur in both mother and child, including weight gain, physical and hormonal changes, psychological changes, etc. Mother’s adaptation to pregnancy plays a key role in the health and development of both mother and child. Key points of this review include pregnancy signs, maternal risk factors, measurement of fundal height, physiological and psychological changes, discomfort of pregnancy, diagnostic testing, and nutrition. As usual, they points may be discussed in three parts: (1) assessment of prenatal period产前期评估; (2) Changes in prenatal period产前期变化; and (3) risk factors and management of prenatal period产前期风险及处理.
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